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Ulster Scots dialects
Ulster Scots or Ulster-Scots (') generally refers to the dialects of Scots spoken in parts of Ulster in Ireland.〔Gregg, R. J. (1972) "The Scotch-Irish Dialect Boundaries in Ulster" in Wakelin, M. F., ''Patterns in the Folk Speech of the British Isles'', London: Athlone Press〕〔Macafee, C. (2001) "Lowland Sources of Ulster Scots" in J. M. Kirk & D. P. Ó Baoill, ''Languages Links: the Languages of Scotland and Ireland'', Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona, p. 121〕〔Harris, J. (1985) ''Phonological Variation and Change: Studies in Hiberno English'', Cambridge, p. 15〕 Some definitions of Ulster Scots may also include Standard English spoken with an Ulster Scots accent.〔Gregg, R. J. (1964) "Scotch-Irish Urban Speech in Ulster: a Phonological Study of the Regional Standard English of Larne, County Antrim" in Adams, G. B. ''Ulster Dialects: an Introductory Symposium'', Cultura: Ulster Folk Museum〕〔Harris, J. (1985) ''Phonological Variation and Change: Studies in Hiberno English'', Cambridge. p. 14〕 This is a situation like that of Lowland Scots and Scottish Standard English〔 with words pronounced using the Ulster Scots phonemes closest to those of Standard English.〔Harris (1984) "English in the north of Ireland" in P. Trudgill, ''Language in the British Isles'', Cambridge; p. 119〕
Ulster Scots has been influenced by Hiberno-English, particularly Mid-Ulster English, and by Ulster Irish. Ulster Scots has also influenced Mid-Ulster English, which is the dialect of most people in Ulster. As a result of the competing influences of English and Scots, varieties of Ulster Scots can be described as 'more English' or 'more Scots'.〔
The Scots language was brought to Ulster during the early 17th century, when large numbers of Scots speakers arrived from Scotland during the Hamilton and Montgomery Settlements and the Ulster Plantation.〔Montgomery & Gregg 1997: 572〕 The earliest Scots writing in Ulster dates from that time, and until the late 20th century, written Scots from Ulster was almost identical with that of Scotland.〔Montgomery & Gregg 1997: 585〕 However, since the revival of interest in the Ulster dialects of Scots in Northern Ireland in the 1990s, new orthographies have been created, which, according to Irish language activist Aodán Mac Póilin, seek "to be as different to English (and occasionally Scots) as possible."
==Names==
While once referred to as ''Scotch-Irish'' by several researchers, that has now been superseded by the term ''Ulster Scots''.〔Harris, J. (1985) ''Phonological Variation and Change: Studies in Hiberno English'', Cambridge, p. 13〕 Speakers usually refer to their vernacular as 'Braid Scots',〔 'Scotch'〔〔Nic Craith, M. (2002) ''Plural Identities—Singular Narratives''. Berghahn Books. p. 107〕 or 'the hamely tongue'.〔Fenton, J. (1995) ''The Hamely Tongue: a Personal Record of Ulster-Scots in County Antrim'', Ulster-Scots Academic Press〕 Since the 1980s ''Ullans'', a portmanteau neologism popularized by the physician, amateur historian and politician Ian Adamson,〔Falconer, G. (2006) "The Scots Tradition in Ulster", ''Scottish Studies Review'', Vol. 7, No. 2. p. 97〕 merging ''Ulster'' and ''Lallans''—the Scots for ''Lowlands''〔Hickey, R. (2004) ''A Sound Atlas of Irish English''. Walter de Gruyter. p. 156〕—but also an acronym for “Ulster-Scots language in literature and native speech”〔Tymoczko, M. & Ireland, C. A. (2003) ''Language and Tradition in Ireland: Continuities and Displacements'', Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. 159〕 and ''Ulstèr-Scotch'',〔〔 the preferred revivalist parlance, have also been used. Occasionally the term ''Hiberno-Scots'' is used,〔Wells, J. C. (1982) ''Accents of English: the British Isles'', Cambridge University Press p. 449〕 although it is usually used for the ethnic group rather than the vernacular.〔Winston, A. (1997) ''Global Convulsions: Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism at the End of the Twentieth Century'', SUNY Press; p. 161〕
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